Stereotypes Against Asian-Americans - 1464 Words

Stereotypes Against Asian-Americans The concept of stereotype is defined as â€Å"a belief that associates a group of people with certain traits† (Kassin, Fein, Markus et al., 2008, p. 133), which can influence a person’s thinking process and perception of others as well as the world. Stereotypes are related to other concepts, such as prejudice and discrimination, which strengthen the distortion of people’s reality. Another component of a stereotype includes the concept of outgroup homogeneity effect which is the â€Å"tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups† (Kassin et al., 2008, p. 135). The concept of outgroup homogeneity effect refers to a misconception of others caused†¦show more content†¦134). In Gran Torino, the concept of social categorization is depicted by Walt’s ignorance of Sue’s (Tao’s sister) ethnic background, in which he asks her, â€Å"What is a... where is Hmong or whate ver?† she responds by saying, â€Å"Wow! You’re so enlightened. Hmong isn’t a place, it’s a people. Hmong people come from different parts of Laos and Thailand and China† (Eastwood et al., Eastwood, 2008). Another example of social categorization is shown by Walter’s misconceptions about Sue’s and other Asian-Americans ethnic backgrounds when he said, â€Å"What in the hell’s the matter with you? I thought all you Asian girls were supposed to be so smart. That’s how you end up in the obituaries, that is, if they can identify your body once they pull it out of the goddamned river† (Eastwood et al., Eastwood, 2008). The concept of social categorization leads to a misconception that Asians have similar ethnic background and places of origin. However, people are mistaken because they fail to make a distinction between their place of origin, ethnicity, and class, which leads to an overlap and intersection of their definition of an Asian-American identity. This misconception is shown otherwise by the New York Times article when it states: â€Å"defined categories of Asian-American and Pacific Islander included dozens of groups, each with its own language and culture, as varied as the Hmong, Samoans,Show MoreRelatedStereotypes in American Born Chinese Essay examples1486 Words   |  6 Pages All women are too sensitive! All Mexicans are illegal immigrants! If you’re from the South, then you are ignorant! Most people have heard at least one of these stereotypes pertaining to a certain group. Some people believe them whilst others do not. American Born Chinese illustrates three stories depicti ng the custom of stereotypes surrounding society: â€Å"The Monkey King†, the story of Monkey King’s thirst for infinite power, and his quest for atonement; â€Å"Jin Wang†, the story an awkward boy who triesRead MoreWhat Historical And Governmental Policies Influenced Asian Americans1171 Words   |  5 PagesAsians have been referred to as the â€Å"Model Minority† for decades, but is it an accurate representation of Asian America culture today? This notion derives from the stereotype that Asian families are stable and Asian culture produces success in regards to grades and professions. My questions are as follows: what historical and governmental policies influenced the term, how did it affect Asian-Americans, what should Asian Americans do to be treated equally to improve the rights of their people, andRead MoreThe Race Of American History1490 Words   |  6 PagesWho’s next? It seems that the issue about race in American history never reaches an endpoint. The intersection of race, gender, contradiction has been continually crucial to shape the identity of minority American. As early as the first wave of Asian immigrants, Chinese immigrants, arrived in west coast, Asian Americans was haunted by anti-Asian movement and intense hostility. Foreign Miners’ Tax passed in 1852 was a representative of racial campaign between whites and nonwhites. The requirementRead MoreStereotypes Of Asian Americans1207 Words   |  5 Pagesgrowing ethnic group† in America, Asian Americans are still not prominent in mainstream media (Zhang 20). Just like every other racial group, they have their own stereotypes. Unfortunately, due to this underrepresentation, there are few instances where people openly speak against these racial stereotypes. In the article â€Å"Why Is It Still Okay to Make Fun of Asians?,† Elaine Teng mentioned Chris Rock’s performance at the Oscars. He joked about three common Asian stereotypes, something that people stillRead MoreAsian American Stereotype1112 Words   |  5 Pagesyears, stereotypes of Asian Americans have dramatically changed from being viewed as uneducated poor laborers to being characterized as successful educated minority. It has changed from negativity to positivity. According to the article â€Å"Outwhiting the whites†: An examination of the persistence of Asian Americans model minority discourse, Asian Americans were stereotyped as the â€Å"Yellow Peril† before. It was a fear that Asian Americans were going to take power in America. Japanese Americans had lostRead MoreDo Asians Rights Be Ignored? America? Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pages11/2/2016 Do Asians’ rights be ignored in America? When I search â€Å"Asian rights in America† on Google, there are almost 68400000 search results. But if I search â€Å"Black people rights in America†, there are about 90800000 search results online. It is obviously that there are some differences between these two values and what reason causes this different? Why people focus more attention on black people’s rights not on Asians’ rights? You may say that it’s maybe because the number of Asians is smallerRead More Asian American Stereotypes in Film Essay1367 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Asian Americans only make up a small percent of the American population. Even more significant is that this percentage live mostly on the west and east coasts of mainland United States and Hawaii; leaving the rest of the American population to most likely get their exposures to Asians through television and movies. However the exposure they have receive throughout the history of cinematography has been hardly flattering. Throughout the course of history Asians in film have beenRead MoreAsian American And Asian Americans964 Words   |  4 PagesMany Asian Americans take great pride in a strong work ethic and an equally strong value system in terms of educational achievement. This cultural legacy stems from a long tradition of Asians coming into America as immigrants since the 19th century. During this time, there are third and fourth generation Asian Americans that have adopted the principles of a quality education and strong work ethic as part of being of Asian descent in a primarily white Anglo-American population. Culturally, many AsiansRead MoreAnalysis Of Grace Hsiang s Poem, Fobs, And Twinkies : The New Discrimination Is Interracial1158 Words   |  5 Pageswithin the same ethnicity, and she points out people can avoid internal discrimination by recognizing there are two cultures, â€Å"True Asians† and â€Å" True Americans†. In Hailey Yook’s e ssay â€Å"Positive Sterotypes Are Hurtful, Too†, the author writes about the harmfulness of judging others based on their ethnic stereotype. Two essays argue people should not discriminate against other cultures and people should not have a preconceived notion on other cultures respectively, and they share a similar point thatRead MorePositive And Negative Stereotypes Among Community College Students Essay1424 Words   |  6 Pagesis to define the positive and negative stereotypes among community college students. This paper presents a brief review of diverse social biases and comprehension of Asian student’s stereotypes and discrimination in community colleges. Stereotyping people makes you ignore their individuality, but on the other hand, it helps you to find people who most likely will match who you are. Many people don’t know the real meaning of the word â€Å"stereotype†. Stereotypes are always a part of our everyday life

The Style of Beowulf Essay - 2172 Words

The Style of Beowulf Ursula Schaefer in â€Å"Rhetoric and Style† gives an overview of the history of criticism of style: Examination of the poem’s rhetoric and style started out with investigating common Germanic features. On the other end of the scale, attention was given to a possible Latin influence on the poem’s style. Recently, there have been reconsiderations of authochthonous traditions linked mainly with the analysis of larger narrative patterns (105). Beowulf ‘s stylistic features will be examined in this essay, along with the perspectives of various literary critics. T. A. Shippey in â€Å"The World of the Poem† expresses himself on the subject of a point of style in the Old English†¦show more content†¦When Hygd is described as good and wise, her opposite, Modthryth, is described as hate-filled and murderous. Blomfield comments on the digressive style found in poem: The poetry of this time ( like the visual art) reaches a high degree of abstraction and formalism. †¦ the poet has detached his theme from the processes of time and space and disregarded the appearances which for practical purposes constitute reality. He is able to evaluate his â€Å"action† directly, by exhibiting the parts in their aesthetic and moral relation (Blomfield 64). Therefore those passages which have been construed sometimes as digressive moralizing, should properly be regarded not as digressions but as an integral part of the subject. And such digressions would not therefore be properly considered stylistic flaws to the poem. The poetic conventions used by this poet include two half-lines in each verse, separated by a caesura or pause. The half-lines are joined by the oral stressing of alliterative words in the half-lines, both consonants and vowels (Tharaud 34). â€Å"At least one of the two stressed words in the first half-line, and usually both of them, begin with the same sound as the first stressed word of the second half-line† (Donaldson 67). When a word was stressed in the first half-line, its alliterative counterpart was stressed in the following half-line; the words could either complement each other, like holy/heaven orShow MoreRelatedLeadership Style Of Beowulf839 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf is an epic poem following the tale of the titular character and his journeys in Middle Ages Denmark. Beowulf, our hero, goes on a treacherous trip to gain fame and glory, and comes out in the end as a successful and loved king. In fact, one could consider Beowulf on how to become a successful king. In the epic poem Beowulf, the audience is shown exactly how to go about seeking fame and glory through Beowulf’s great journey. To become glorious, one would need to have the correct mindset andRead More themebeo Epic of Beowulf Essay - Theme and Style of Beowulf2716 Words   |  11 PagesThe Theme and Style of Beowulf  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Interpretations of Beowulf’s theme vary much more than commentary on the poet’s style. In this essay I hope to state clearly some of the popularly mentioned themes running through the poem, and to carefully delineate many aspects of the author’s style.    â€Å"Many critics feel that the speech of Hrothgar between lines 1700 and 1784 encapsulates the moral of the poem†¦.’He does not know the worse – till inside him great arrogance grows andRead MoreBeowulf As An English Poem1321 Words   |  6 Pagesthe years. In fact, one of the ancient poems that was originally written by an unknown poet before the year 1000, was Beowulf. The copy of Beowulf was actually dated to the years around 1000, in the time that was rich in Anglo-Saxon literature (pg. 107). During the ninth century, Beowulf was translated by Seamus Heaney, which is the one that it is mostly known now. Although Beowulf is seen as an English poem, its subject matter is not about English people. Its purpose was to express the idea of honorRead MoreBeowulf And The Epic Of Gilgamesh1667 Words   |  7 Pagesas well. Two of the most widely known epic poems of their time were Beowulf and The Epic of Gilgamesh. Both Beowulf and Gilgamesh embody traits known excl usively of a hero. The poem of Beowulf and The Epic Gilgamesh both showcase the characteristics required of being an epic, in that they include a hero on a quest performing valorous deeds in an elevated style, while being protected by supernatural forces. The epic poem, Beowulf was based in the country of Denmark, while The Epic of Gilgamesh wasRead MoreThe Journies of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay803 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf vs. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight In the worlds of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the journeys of two heroes, Beowulf and Sir Gawain, are depicted through the form of poems. The two stories have become two of the most important works of literature in the English history. In the two poems, both Beowulf and Sir Gawain face great challenges in their journeys as heroes. Beowulf embarks on a quest to defeat Grendel and his mother while Sir Gawain faces many difficulties on hisRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare977 Words   |  4 Pagesthat are noble to them. Beowulf, as an epic hero, is a direct representation of the ideal man as seen through Anglo-Saxon eyes. In looking at the poem Beowulf and analyzing the characteristics of the epic hero, it will become evident the desired attributes that were desired in the Anglo-Saxon culture: physical strength, pride, bravery, selflessness, and loyalty. An epic hero is a person that is admired for great achievements and inspires great events. Beowulf certainly fits into both ofRead MoreThe Anglo-Saxon Sonnet: Rewriting Shakespeare’s Sonnet 1301609 Words   |  7 PagesThe Anglo-Saxon Sonnet: Rewriting a Shakespeare’s Sonnet â€Å"130† Through the Eyes of the Author of Beowulf My woman’s sight-seers shine like the sun; Her kiss-givers grant a great fiery glow; Her bone-house is a rare beast made to stun; The hairs on her head hang as soft as snow. Like a pollen-producer gleams garnet, Her cheeks blush, blinding any early man; Unlike a slimy serpent’s foul sweat, Her scent smells of fresh gold, or better than. Her voice flows like the whale-road, that I’mRead MoreBeowulf: an Epic Hero983 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature Beowulf Essay 9/22/04 Beowulf: An Epic Hero According to Abrams, the heroic poem is a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in an elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race. Beowulf fits Abrams description of an epic, exhibiting all of the characteristics listed throughout the book, thus defining Beowulf as a hero and making the book an epic through its elevated style, the focusRead MoreBeowulf : An Epic Poem Derived From Old World Storytelling Traditions1090 Words   |  5 PagesMs. Michelle Boykin EH 203 (Fall 2015) First Essay: Beowulf October 5, 2015 Beowulf: An Epic Poem Derived from Old World Storytelling Traditions The classic poem Beowulf recorded by a monk during eleventh century A.D., and of unknown authorship, is thought to have been passed down over time through oral traditions of storytelling, popular during that period in history. Most likely the listeners and retellers of these types of these stories would have been warriors themselves, much likeRead MoreA Hero : A Comparison Of The Hero Of Beowulf884 Words   |  4 Pageshistory. From modern examples such as Superman, The Avengers, to early history such as Hercules, or Ulysses. Beowulf is a great example of one of the early heroes written about. But what is a hero? The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines a hero as: an object of extreme admiration and devotion; a mythological or legendary figure often of divine descent endowed with great strength or ability. Beowulf has many of these characteristics including great strength, and is portrayed as a legendary figure by those

South Korean Pest Free Essays

Moreover, President Lee is a strong devotee of free trade agreements (Fats) between foreign countries, and South Korea now has Fats with the European Union, the united States of America, and the SEAN countries. The current president Implemented new legislation to make South Korea more attractive for foreign investors. It will, for example, lower corporate tax rates and reduce administrative restrictions on business operations and investment. We will write a custom essay sample on South Korean Pest or any similar topic only for you Order Now Furthermore, South Korea has a number of incentives to make foreign investment more at-attractive. These incentives are: Tax support, Cash grant, Site location support, and other sup-port. A. Tax support When foreign companies meet certain requirements, Income and corporate tax from earned Income, business Income, dividend Income, technology payments and custom du-titles on capital goods can be either reduced or be subject to dispensation In accordance with the Restriction of Special Taxation Act. B. Cash grant When a foreign investor meets certain criteria, local and/or national government can offer a cash grant when the investor wants to build a new plant for example. These criteria are e. G. The creation of jobs, the location of the new plant, if the investment intervenes with lo-cal investment etc. C. Site location South Korea provides so called Free Investment Zones (Fizz). These are to attract foreign Investors/companies. There are two types of Fizz: Complex and Individual. The complex type Is for small and medium sized firm wear as the individual type Is for large corpora-tools with large Investments. The requirements are to be found In the appendices. When a foreign company purchases or leases a piece of land or real-estate owned by the gob-ornament of South Korea, the company can apply for reduction or dispensation of the rental payment. However, the company must meet certain criteria. These are also to be found in the appendices. How to cite South Korean Pest, Papers

Riders to the Sea Questions free essay sample

By the speech, it is evident that Maurya knows something bad is going to happen to her son. The argument stating that she has need for the rope is the strongest she can propose for Bartley to stay because he cannot go without it. If she says that she need the rope for herself, that would mean that he would not have a rope for himself. Without the rope, he could not go on his voyage. 2. The young priest plays an important role in the play because he is the one that helps the sisters learn about Michael. He informs Nora of how they found the body of him. In a conversation with Cathleen, Nora says on page 86 â€Å"‘There were two men,’ says he, ‘and they were rowing round poteen before the cocks crowed, and the oar of one of them caught the body, and they passing the black cliffs of the north. We will write a custom essay sample on Riders to the Sea Questions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ’ He brought the clothes that were said to be of Michael’s for the sisters to inspect and determine if in fact they do belong to him. 3. Maurya’s vision of Michael implies that he has died and is going to heaven. His fine clothing represents him being an angel and that his body is being restored so that he may enter the kingdom of heaven. 4. Throughout the play, there are two events that foreshadow the death of Bentley. The first sign is when Maurya tells Bentley not to go to sea because he will be â€Å"drowned with the rest† (84) She telling him that he will drown just like his other brothers. Another event that foreshadows his death is Maurya not giving him her blessing before he leaves. Cathleen tells her to go find Bentley to give him her blessing. Maurya comes back from the spring saying she saw â€Å"the fearfullest thing† (88) which she says was Michael riding behind Bentley on the grey pony. This stops Maurya from blessing him. 5. Maurya does not hear the noise because she is preoccupied with telling the story of her vision of Michael. Evidently that she is more fond of Michael than she is of Bentley. Her mind is taken over by her vision and she has forgotten about her other son. 6. It does indicate that she is broken because she has lost all of her sons to the sea. She is sad and misses her sons. Her forgetting the nails could indicate that she is in need of nails for herself, in the sense that she needs to be fixed sue to the loses of her children and husband. 7. This reply is satisfactory because its seems reasonable that the ghost would want the living in with the dead. There was no mention in the story of what caused the pony to push Bentley into the sea. This makes it more believable to say that Michael’s ghost caused his death due to the myth of Irish ghosts. 8. There is conflict of human to human. This is evident between Maurya and Bentley. Maurya tried to force Bentley to stay and this caused conflict between her and Bentley, who did not want to stay. Some might say that this conflict lead to the death of Bentley because she was upset and she did not give the boy her blessing. 9. The play needs realistic detail because it helps the audience to be engaged in the time the play was set and what the atmosphere was like. It allows the audience to feel the pain the mother felt by losing all of her sons. Back then, without a husband, the sons were the ones who made money for the family. Without the sons, the family will have little income. The play also requires realistic detail in order for the audience to feel a connection to the Aran Islanders and what they believed in and how they lived. 10. For the role of Cathleen, Anne Hathaway could be cast. This would be because of the roles she has played in the past. She has an older sister type of personality and looks as though she could be Irish. Meryl Streep could play the role of Maurya because of her background in acting as a mother figure and her ability to play many roles in all genres of film.

Bio Study Guide free essay sample

List the seven SI base units and the quantities they represent. Meter(length), Kilogram(mass), Seconds(time), Kelvin(temperature), Mole(amt. of substance), Ampere(electric current), Candela(Luminous intensity. ) 8. Identify the SI unit that would be most appropriate for expressing the length of the following. a. width of a gymnasium- meter b. length of a finger-centimeter c. distance between your town and the closest border of the next state -kilometer d. length of a bacterial cell- attometer 9. Identify the SI unit that would be most appropriate for measuring the mass of each of the following objects. a. able- kilograms b. coin- centigrams c. a 250 mL beaker- grams 13. a. Why are the units that are used to express the densities of gases different from those used to express the densities of solids or liquids? Because gases are 1000times less dense than liquids and solids b. Name two units for density. Cubic centimeters and grams c. We will write a custom essay sample on Bio Study Guide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Why is the temperature at which density is measured usually specified? Density varies with temperature 14. a. Which of the solids listed in Table 4 will float on water? Cork, butter, ice, gasoline, ethyl alcohol, kerosene, turpentine b. Which of the liquids will sink in milk? Mercury, lead, copper, diamond, bone, sucrose 17. Find the density of a material, given that a 5. 03 g sample occupies 3. 24 mL. (Hint: See Sample Problem A. ) 1. 55g/mL 18. What is the mass of a sample of material that has a volume of 55. 1 cm3 and a density of 6. 72 g/cm3? 370. 27g 19. A sample of a substance that has a density of 0. 824 g/mL has a mass of 0. 451 g. Calculate the volume of the sample. 0. 547mL 24. Compare accuracy and precision. Accuracy describes how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured while precision is the exactness of a measurement. 5. a. Write the equation that is used to calculate percentage error. Value(experimental)- Value(acceptedX 100 Value(accepted) 29. Round each of the following measurements to the number of significant figures indicated. a. 67. 029 g to three significant figures- 67. 0g b. 0. 15 L to one significant figure-0. 2L c. 52. 8005 mg to five significant figures- 52. 801mg d. 3. 174 97 mol to three significant fi gures-3. 17mol 30. State the rules governing the number of significant figures that result from each of the following operations. a. ddition and subtraction- When adding or subtracting decimals, the answer must have the same number of digits to the right of the decimal point as there are in the measurement having the fewest digits to the right of the decimal point. b. multiplication and division-3SF 35. A student measures the mass of a sample as 9. 67 g. Calculate the percentage error, given that the correct mass is 9. 82 g. (Hint: See Sample Problem C. ) 36. A handbook gives the density of calcium as 1. 54 g/cm3. Based on lab measurements, what is the percentage error of a density calculation of 1. 25 g/cm3? 37. What is the percentage error of a length measurement of 0. 29 cm if the correct value is 0. 225 cm? 38. How many significant figures are in each of the following measurements? (Hint: See Sample Problem D. ) a. 0. 4004 mL- 4SF b. 6000 g-1SF c. 1. 000 30 km-6SF d. 400. Mm- 4S F 39. Calculate the sum of 6. 078 g and 0. 3329 g. 40. Subtract 7. 11 cm from 8. 2 cm. (Hint: See Sample Problem E. ) 41. What is the product of 0. 8102 m and 3. 44 m? 42. Divide 94. 20 g by 3. 167 22 Pg. 63 1. Which of the following masses is the largest? A. 0. 200 g C. 20. 0 mg B. 0. 020 kg D. 2000 ? g 2. Which of the following measurements contains three significant figures? A. 200 mL C. 20. 2 mL B. 0. 02 mL D. 200. 0 mL 3. A theory differs from a hypothesis in that a theory A. cannot be disproved. B. always leads to the formation of a law. C. has been subjected to experimental testing. D. represents an educated guess. 4. All measurements in science A. must be expressed in scientific notation. B. have some degree of uncertainty. C. are both accurate and precise. D. must include only those digits that are known with certainty. 5. When numbers are multiplied or divided, the answer can have no more A. significant figures than are in the measurement that has the smallest number of significant figures. B. ignificant figures than are in the measurement that has the largest number of significant figures. C. digits to the right of the decimal point than are in the measurement that has the smallest number of digits to the right of the decimal point. D. digits to the right of the decimal point than are in the measurement that has the largest number of digits to the right of the decimal point. 6. Which of the following is not part of the scientific method? A. making measurements B. introducing bias C. making an educated guess D. analyzing data 7. The accuracy of a measurement A. is how close it is to the true value. B. does not depend on the instrument used to measure the object. C. indicates that the measurement is also precise. D. is something that scientists rarely achieve. 12. You have decided to test the effects of five garden fertilizers by applying some of each to separate rows of radishes. What is the variable you are testing? What factors should you control? How will you measure and analyze the results? Variable- effects of five garden fertilizers, I should control the amount of sunlight and the amount of water given, I will measure the results by measuring the length of the radishes over specified periods of time.

The Write Stuff

The Write Stuff Okay, so youve come up with a great idea for your paper, or you want your brochure to boost sales, or you must make a positive first impression with your cover letter. Whats the secret? Once you have the title, headline or salutation, what next? Should you just start writing and hope that something brilliant will come to you as you write?Building a well-written and thus well-received document doesnt happen instantly; its a process of thinking, organizing, writing and, maybe most importantly, rewriting. Before you write, you must clearly understand the point of your paper, plan (either in your head or in a written outline) what you want to say, and begin to organize your ideas. Keep in mind that when you speak, you can get away with digressions and fragmented thoughts, but when you write, you must be clear and logical.When you are ready to put pen to paper, or in most cases, fingers to keyboard, start simply. Give all your ideas a chance to sink or float by transmitting them to visual form; that gives your document the basic substance it needs to begin. This can be in a fragmented form as information gathered from reference materials, interesting tidbits about your topic or just random ideas you are considering using. Then, and only then, start to expand thoughts into sentences and paragraphs, discarding ideas or conclusions as you go, keeping the ones that are strongest and will have the best chance of informing or persuading the reader.This first draft is nowhere near your completed work, as no amount of planning can totally eliminate the need for improvement. Now you need to step back for at least a short time, so that you can face your first draft with a clear head and an objective eye. Its time to begin rewriting.Think first about the whole you are trying to create, rather than the details (punctuation, grammar, etc.), before you begin to alter its parts. Does the overall document convey your message in a logical, thought-provoking manner, or is it disorgan ized and clumsy? When you read from paragraph to paragraph, is there a clear, smooth transition? Did you rush through an explanation or description without giving it the proper attention? Have you supported all your claims or results with adequate background information, statistics or references?Step back once again. Have a cup of coffee or go jog around the block. Clear your mind so that you can view your paper again with fresh eyes and mind. Now is the time to move sentences and paragraphs around, combine choppy thoughts into easily read sentences and delete unnecessary words, phrases or even paragraphs. Just as a personal trainer helps you tone your body, you are toning your paper into a lean, strong communications tool.Surely you are now finished. But wait – what about the details mentioned above? Now you must carefully check your punctuation, grammar and sentence structure; sometimes passing a course, making a sale or getting a job hinges on a misused semicolon or a care less pronoun reference. This is an especially important step for ESL (English Second Language) writers because the rules of English are not easy to learn nor always sensible. First, use your Spell Check! Many grades have been lowered, customers lost and resumes tossed in the reject pile because of a misspelled word. Then closely examine your punctuation. Do you have more commas than necessary? Have you misused colons or semicolons? Can you read each sentence separately and have it make sense? On the way to making your paper the best it can be, you must focus on each and every detail.Be hard on yourself. Question your phrasing and the appropriateness of word choice. Keep your thesaurus nearby and experiment with your vocabulary. Remember that just committing your thoughts to paper or monitor does not make them sacred; it only gives you a visual field in which to place your ideas in their strongest positions. By playing Devils advocate, you will identify weaknesses and make your paper even stronger.Rewriting also indicates your concern for your reader. While many poets write for themselves and their individual personal passions, you are probably writing for a specific reader or audience. Read your paper as if you were the professor, the customer or the Human Resources Director. No technical skills or fancy vocabulary can make up for the need to read your message through your readers eyes.To recapSelect a topic for your paper.Gather all your reference materials and thoughts, and put them down in a loose outline.Manipulate that information into a tighter outline, expanding and discarding ideas as you go.Begin formulating sentences and paragraphs, and placing them in a logical order to produce a first draft.First rewrite: Examine the paper for illogical sequences or unsupported claims or ideas.Second rewrite: Move sentences and paragraphs to more logical positions to strengthen your points.Third rewrite: Check the details of punctuation, grammar and sentence struct ure, and correct errors.Fourth rewrite: Read your paper as your intended audience will read it, and make necessary changes.

Project planning and implementation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Project planning and implementation - Assignment Example Supporting Process Plans 14 4.1 Code of practice: Ethical issues for the B-Spoke Bikes project 14 4.2 Legal issues 15 4.3 Quality Assurance 15 4.4 Project support and maintenance 16 The system will be supported by the existing network system. The systems will also depend on other departments such as finance and human resource. The maintenance of the database system will be done by the IT specialist hired from external companies which offer database maintenance service. The maintenance process will be done monthly. An audit of the system will also be conducted monthly to check the system performance. 16 4.5 Process Improvement 16 4.6 Follow-up project 17 The current project will be followed by a website development project, which will avail the services to the clients, suppliers and the employees via the internet. The database project is the basis of initiating the website project because the user’s ability to use the database is a prerequisite to the website. The website proje ct will start as soon as the company management are satisfied with the employee’s ability to manipulate the business data using the database system. 17 5. References 18 1. Project Overview 1.1 Purpose, Scope, and Objectives The database system should ensure that the information about the suppliers, jobs, customers, staff and stock should be interconnected to ensure effective data sharing. The database system should generate reports that are used by the executive in decision making process. The project should be able to link the data therein should be shared linked to the finance and CRM system. The system should have an interface where the website will be linked. The clients, suppliers, employees and customers should be able to access the data in the database via the internet in future. This means that the database will have to be linked to the website. The integration will take place when the staffs have had excellent skills on the use of database system. All the project del iverables should be handled in accordance with the project charter and business case document. The B-Spoke Bikes database project is meant to automate the business operation of a B-Spoke Bikes company. The project should be is supposed to be completed within the stipulated time. The project covers the design and development of an access database system. The company should be able to achieve its business objectives using the database system. The database system should enable effective communication of data between different departments. The database system should automate all the business process in the company. 1.2 Assumptions, Constraints and Risks The project implementation team assumes that the B-spoke company have in place all the computer hardware and software needed during the implementation process. The project also assumes that the risks to the project remain the identified. There will be an effective collaboration between the implementation team, stakeholders and project fu nctions There will be consistent supply of funds required during the implementation process. Constraints and risks on the project are: The time that allocated for the project might not be adequate to ensure that all the project deliverables are handled effectively. The funds allocated to the project are limited. The project budget does not give considerations cost accruing due to unexpected risks. The human resources (database programmers and system testing team might be inadequate). This may alter the project completion time and

The Argument Against the Existence of God Essay

The Argument Against the Existence of God - Essay Example The theologian embraces three propositions - God is omnipotent, God is good and evil exists. Mackie's brilliant argument for the problem of evil has shown that the first two propositions cannot be true while the third exists. He has made use of two additional premises to drive the point home. He calls these "quasi-logical rules connecting the terms 'good', 'evil', and 'omnipotent'" (Mackie 78). These additional propositions state that good is in a state of opposition with evil and seeks to eliminate it and that omnipotence is without limits. Therefore Mackie's argument and the problem of evil has decimated the very core of theistic belief by claiming that "the several parts of the essential theological doctrine are inconsistent with one another, so that the theologian can maintain his position as a whole only by a much more extreme rejection of reason" (Mackie 77). Thus his argument calls for a complete reconstruction of the theological doctrine as we know it. At the onset Mackie outlines certain adequate solutions to the problem of evil that is also consistent with the essential theistic propositions or which rejects one or more of the propositions. He makes it clear that only those who believe that God is omnipotent and wholly good are confounded by this problem. ... Mackie then turns his attention to four solutions that he calls fallacious because they overtly adhere to the integral theological propositions while inadvertently or covertly rejecting one or more of them while attempting to tackle the problem of evil. The first of these fallacious solutions is that it is not possible for good to exist without evil. Mackie asserts that this solution does explain away the presence of evil but a whole series of problems crop up consequently. For instance it questions God's omnipotence because it implies that God cannot create one without the other and is invariably bound by the rules of logic. Further this solution undermines God's goodness as it appears that God is not opposed to evil if it is deemed necessary. Besides, the existing evil is far in excess of the amount needed to serve as a mere counterpart to good. Some people claim that evil is necessary as a means to good. This view according to Mackie contradicts the theist's view of God's omnipotence as it suggests that God's power is subject to the law of cause and effect. Therefore this argument as seen by Mackie does not hold much water as it severely detracts from God's omnipotence. The third solution to the problem of evil is that the world with its attendant evil is a better place than one without. By way of explanation Mackie classifies good and evil into levels. He calls pain and other forms of physical discomfiture first order evils whereas pleasure constitutes first order good. First order evil is necessary to bring out second order goods like benevolence, courage, fortitude and the like which far outweighs first order evils. But Mackie states that this argument falls apart as it does not take into

A report based on analysing data from a survey of service quality at a Essay - 1

A report based on analysing data from a survey of service quality at a University Sports Centre - Essay Example ed with the service they receive from one point, they may switch to other places where they will get the expected satisfaction (Bloemer and Kasper, 2013). This means a lot to service providers in ensuring that they provide services that meet the service expectations of their users and therefore lead to service satisfaction. According to Williams & Buswell (2013), service satisfaction is mostly attained when there is high level of service quality in the service provided. To this end, service providers have used various means to measure and evaluate the extent of quality in the service they provide. One of these is the use of the data collection instrument known as SERVQUAL (Ndubisi, 2012). In this paper, the outcome of one such instrument is subjected to critical analysis. SERVQUAL is an instrument that seeks to give a quantitative description to the level of service quality that prevails within a given service setting (Bluestein, Moriarty and Sanderson, 2013). For this paper, the emp hasis is on the outcome of service quality among students using a sports facility at a University. Generally, the questionnaire used can be commended for its quantitative approach. As it has been stressed already, this was necessary in quantifying quality and satisfaction, which otherwise would have remained highly relative and subjective to individual differences (Newman, 2011). Meanwhile, the use of quantitative measures has been praised as highly innovative ways by which empirical outcomes are achieved with various research findings (Wirtz and Bateson, 2012). The reason this is said is that most of the outcome with quantitative measures such as percentages, means and standard deviations are things that have a common universal interpretation. In effect, the interpretation to the outcomes of a study always remains the same no matter where it is taken to for analysis. With this said recommendation that will be made for improvement on the questionnaire has to do with the number of areas

Information Search and Analysis Skills

Information Search and Analysis Skills 1.0 SYNOPSIS The research was carried on one of Microsoft Windows operating systems which is Windows 2000. The various factors such as security, reliability and easy to use interface were discussed. In Windows 2000 security is more improved as compared to previous versions, point-to-point Tunnel protocol (PPTP) and layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP as alternative security for Virtual Private Network (VPN)). Windows 2000 security has significant benefits like confidentiality, authentification, Data integrity, Smarts cards, Encryption and Kerberos. It is a reliable desktop and laptop operating system for business of all types. It is a build on NT technology and offers rock solid reliability and manageability. The operating system provide an intelligent user interface that adapts to the way users work and this makes it more efficient. 2.0 INTRODUCTION According to Silberschatz (2007), Windows 2000 is a type of operating systems released by Microsoft Company for use on business desktops, notebook computers and servers. This operating system was released on 17 February 2000. Windows 2000 was originally named Windows NT 5.0, this is because it was a successor to Windows NT 4.0, then Windows NT 2000 and finally was called Windows 2000. Windows NT 5.0 was the last version of Windows NT. An operating system is a boundary between the hardware and the user that manages and coordinates the activities in order to share the resources of the computer. It acts as basic program for computing applications that are run on the machine. As a basic program some of the tasks it performs are recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directory on the disk and controlling peripherals devices such as printers and disk drives. In a nutshell, operating system handles the details of the operation o f the hardware. As it is the successor of Windows NT 4.0 operating system it was titled Windows NT 5.0. This operating system combines the stability and security of Windows NT 4.0 and Plug-and-Play capabilities of Windows 9x. windows 2000 supports new technologies such as Accelerated Graphics Ports, USB devices, DVD drives, multifunction adapter cards and also a full line of PC cards. This operating system also grants a new distributed directory service for controlling resources across an enterprise, FAT 32 support, and the internet Explorer 5 web browser. Crowley C. (1998) said, Windows 2000 has four basic editions, these are Windows 2000 Professional, Windows 2000 server, Windows 2000 advanced server and Window 2000 datacenter server. These editions were targeted for different markets and they share the most significant features and system utilities, which include Microsoft Management Console and typical system administration applications. The entire set of versions sustains Windows NT file system, NTFS 3.0, Encryption File System and disk storage. Windows 2000 might be installed in two ways, that is either manual or unattended installation and it requires at least 133MHZ Pentium class system with 64mb of RAM. BACKGROUND STUDY Security http://www.answers.com/topic/microsoft.windows stated that, it is important to implement security on computing environment so that unauthorized users cannot have access, steal or damage system resources. Implementing security has significant benefits on computer users because only authorized personnel have access. TCP/IP provides security on windows 2000 with internet standards that use cryptographic security services: 3.1.1 Confidentiality: Internet Protocol security (IPSec) traffic is encrypted and can only be decrypted with and encryption key. 3.1.2 Authentification: Before the receiver verifies that the message was sent by IPSec peer, the IPSec traffic has to be digitally signed with the shared encryption key. 3.1.3 Data Integrity: A cryptographic checksum that have the encryption key is found in IPSec traffic. Confirmation on modification of packets can be done by a receiver. 3.1.4 Smart Cards: To protect your network smart card technology is used in windows 2000 environment, unlike using password protection. Tamper-proof storage is offered for a users key pair and an associated public key certificate and these keys are termed as symmetric and asymmetric keys which are protected through Personal Identification Number (PIN) that the users required to enter. If you are a smart card writer you are also a smart card reader, this means you preserve to use a generic smart card reader to write certificate to a smart card. ( http://technet Microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd316363.aspx) 3.1.5 Encryption for data: Windows 2000 offer the ability to make information unreadable that is encryption, by using the techniques of NTFS file system so that unauthorized users can not access your data. Files and folders can be encrypted by setting an attribute under Properties dialog box. Encryption is done through the use of algorithms that mess up, reorganize and encode the data. There is a key pair that has a private and public key. It is used to encode and decode the encrypted information. The user has to designate a recovery agent so that the data can be recovered when the key pair is lost or damaged. If the user has not designated a recovery agent the data cannot be recovered. (http://www.answers.com/topic/microsoft.windows) 3.1.6 Central storage of security policy and account information: the purpose of this policy is to implement security that is required by computer systems and data and grant accountability agenda for users. It also creates, processes and manages sensitive information on daily basis. The appropriate mechanism are developed and maintained to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of computerized information. (http://www.answers.com/topic/microsoft.windows) 3.1.7 Kerberos: Dr.R.C.Joshi e tal (2005) stated that, these are protocols used to enable users to authenticate without sending a password over the network. A user obtains a special kind of key from the network central security at login. The protocol prevents outside attacks. The name Kerberos comes from Greek mythological three- headed dog that guarded the entrance to Hades. Reliability This refers to the ability of the operating system to protect itself from handling error conditions, protect its users from malfunctioning software. Windows 2000 is reliable on desktop and notebook computers operating system for businesses of all kinds. It is more reliable as compared to Windows 95 and 98. Windows 2000 uses hardware protection for virtual memory to be resistant to failings and attacks. It also uses software protection mechanism for operating system resources. Windows 2000 has local file system, which is NTFS file system and it recovers automatically from many types of file-system errors after system crash, said Dr. Joshi R. C. (2005). Dr. Joshi R.C (2005) also stated that, changes were made on kernel-mode to make windows 2000 reliable. Kernel-mode write protection offers and reads only subsections of device drivers and kernel. It has code signing which verifies the source of system file and existing Digital Signature Cryptographic technology before windows 2000 is installed. There is also Pool tagging where better drivers and cleaner code are produced by kernel mode device drive because memory allocations are made to selected device drivers out of a special pool, unlike a shared system pool. The recovery time is reduced on Faster CHKDSK. An administrator is given one step process to dependably restart Internal Information Server. There is a kill process tree which when a parent process is stopped makes sure that all processes initiated by parent process are removed. Kernel-only crash dumps are added for contents of the kernel to be written optionally to disk after a crash. Users can correct installation problems o r change settings that have caused boot problems when Safe-mode boot uses its minimal services to boot the computer. Easy to use interface The user interface of Windows 2000 id more improved compared to other versions. In Windows 2000 the information is accessed quickly whether it is on a computer or network. Improved wizards of windows 2000 assist users to achieve tough tasks quicker. Only items that are used more frequently are displayed on Start menu and this made the Screen clutter to be reduced. The Dialog box has been improved as words are automatically completed when the user types and most recently used words are listed so that the user can select the appropriate. The Quick launch tool bar can be used to open Microsoft Internet Explorer or to read the e-mail by adding the customizable toolbars. Also with Windows 2000 desktop, it is easy to switch between windows and the desktop because the new Show Desktop button is located on the task bar. My Documents offers a permanent location which store personal files and folders and it also has My Picture folder where photos can be stored and scanned. Windows 2000 support s multilingual, that is it can identify and establish any essential fonts or signs to observe multilingual information. Encryption and decryption methods are made transparent to authorized users because each file is encrypted with its key. Windows 2000 also provide smart cards which require users names and passwords unlike depending on a single factor to authenticate a user. (http://technet Microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd316363.aspx) Windows 2000 offers 25% faster performance than Windows 95 and 98 on systems with 64MB and more memory. Its web intergrated capabilities and broad support for mobile computers and hardware devices make easy for business operators to connect to internet and work anywhere and at anytime. (http://technet Microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd316363.aspx) 4.0 CONCLUSION To conclude on this, Windows 2000 is a far more secure and reliable than previous other version. The process of installation and configuration of hardware is easy compared to NT platforms. It provides centralized management of users and resources over the network and it also offers enhanced security management of users, computers and devices. This makes Windows 2000 to support a security model stronger than those of previous Microsoft operating systems. It is interoperable with various operating systems, like Novell Netware, Windows NT Server 4.0, Macintosh, Linux and UNIX. The operating system runs on a wide variety of computers and users can choose and upgrade hardware to match their budgets and performance requirements without needing to alter the applications that they run. REFERENCE 1. Available: http://technet Microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd316363.aspx (cited on 15 July 2009) 2. Available: http://www.answers.com/topic/microsoft.windows (cited on 17 July 2009) 3. Dr.R.C.Joshi e tal (2005) Operating Systems 4. Crowley C, (1998) Operating Systems, a design oriented Approach 5. Silberschatz A, e tal (2007) Operating System concepts

Disagreement with Sigmond Freuds The Future of an Illiusion Essay

To a certain extent I can agree with Freud’s views on natural instinct. Without manmade laws and â€Å"coercion† or rules that are presented by God, civilization would not survive or even have been born. Yet, as is the case with many other people, I disagree with his views on religion. I do not believe that religion was created by man, but by a higher being. It is impossible for me to believe that science will destroy religion because for every question science answers many more questions arise. The more science reveals about nature the more apparent it is to me that only a higher being could have created everything. As Freud states I am one of the unpersuadable. Civilization is not only made by technological development but also by a set of rules. The rules remove man’s foul instincts such as â€Å"killing, incest, and cannibalism†, which are the elements that work to destroy civilization. Without guidelines or laws our actions would be the same as those of wild animals. Freud says that these laws and doctrines were established so that we could unite and band against the our enemy nature. Imposing laws upon people is a necessary element, yet it causes people to resent this coercion away from their natural instincts. After being forced against their will these people begin to hate civilization but at the same time they continue to love it because it provides them with their necessities to live. Freud calls the people the â€Å"masses† because they are the majority of civilization. He says that they are ignorant and lazy, because of this, it easy for them to lapse back to instinctual behavior and into the chaos of nature. "Name" 2 Freud says civilization is founded on religion. For example, T... ...Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a good example of Freud’s envisioned civilization. Instead relying on a higher being, the state "name" 4 was to meet all of the people’s needs. When the country failed economically, there were generations of atheists with no belief system to guide them. This country collapsed because of many reasons but one of them could be the lack of religion. After reading The Future of an Illusion I wondered why Freud was so strongly set against God. Instead of basing his beliefs on faith, he invested himself in the scientific method. Since he could not conduct experiments that led him to the answer, he concluded that it was impossible for a God to exist. Maybe science will one day explain the phenomenona of today, but there will always be unanswered questions. A discovery will only lead to more questions.

Ethics †Morality Essay

1. Definition of Ethics It studies how man ought to behave. Ethics is a thoughtful review of how to act in the best interest of patients and their family. It is also about making good choices based on beliefs and values regarding life, health, suffering and death. Relationship of Ethics in other branches of science: * Ethics and Logic- Studies the correct and organized thinking of a man. Focused foremost on demands of materials, nonhuman world, or world of â€Å"things† in one’s environment it is people-oriented * Ethics and Psychology- Both deals with the study of man and his behavior. Studies how man ought to behave. Concerned with man’s moral obligation or the result of his behavior. It studies the human behavior from the perspective of morality. * Ethics and Sociology- Sociology deals with the study of social order and human relations in a society. Sociology is related to Ethics because Ethics deals with the study of moral orders in a society. Importance of Ethics: Ethics form the base ground of values, which differ from one culture to another. Ethics was applied in health care system, since ancient Egyptian times. A physician has moral obligations towards his patient based on physician – patient’s relationship. The ethical principle of confidentiality confirms that patient can trust his health care provider not to disclose any information that the patient may have given in order to get cured. A current ethical issue in research involving human participant’s informed consent has prime importance. The subject and his guardian must have the capacity to understand the issue in question and the possible risks of treatment in the trial study. We need to do more to ensure that medical research practices are sound and ethical, and the goals of research should be secondary to the well being of the participants. The study of ethics and the study and practice of healthcare have not merged much in the past, but nevertheless ethical standards are essential to the practice of the health professions. Each professional discipline has its own code of conduct, guidelines for practice and philosophy of care to direct practice within its professional remit. There have been several international declarations of human rights within healthcare to protect patients from unethical practices that might nevertheless be portrayed to them as necessary evils in the course of scientific research and utilitarian principles – that is, the greater good. Despite the relative lack of moral philosophy and healthcare ethics in the curricula of healthcare professionals, it does not take long for anyone in clinical practice to face their first ethical dilemma about which they are called upon to make a judgment or have a view. In any healthcare system, whether organized and managed by the state or government or by the independent sector (private or non-governmental/voluntary) – or any mixture of these – moral issues will frequently be raised and should challenge the practitioner, teacher, manager or researcher. Establishing moral codes of practice between the various organizations mentioned above is important at the outset of any professional relationship or client encounter. For the practitioner the appropriate use of professional power, compared with the relative vulnerability of the lay client/patient during the first meeting, establishes the relationship for all future transactions between the two parties. In the context of progressive illness there are many occasions that will challenge this relationship as the illness trajectory takes its course. 2. Basic concepts in Ethics. Definition of Human Acts Human Acts (Actus Humani) refer to â€Å"actions that proceed from insight into the nature and purpose of one’s doing and from consent of free will†. Specifically, human acts are those actions done by a person in certain situations, which are essentially the result of his conscious knowledge, freedom and voluntariness, or consent. Hence, man performs these actions knowingly, freely, and voluntarily. Aspects of Human Acts * The Act Itself or the Object Of The Act. The act itself refers to the action that is done or performed by an agent, or simply, what the person does. This is the â€Å"substance of a moral act†, and here regarded as the basic factor of morality. More concretely, the object of the act is â€Å"that act effect which an action primarily and directly causes (finis operis). It is always necessary that the result of the act, independent of any circumstances or of the intention of the agent. † * The Motive or the Intention. The motive is the purpose that for the sake of which something is done. It is the reason behind our acting. It answers the question â€Å"why the person does what he does? †. Man normally performs an act as a means to achieve an end or goal, different from an act itself. And since the motive or intention is practically present in all human acts, it then becomes an important and integral part of morality. * The Circumstances. It refers to the various conditions outside of the act. They are not part and parcel of the act itself. Circumstances are conditions that influence, to a lesser or greater degree, the moral quality of the human act. The moral goodness or badness of an act is determined not only by the object or act itself, plus the motive or intention of the moral agent, but also on the circumstances or situation surrounding the performance of the action. Classification of Human Acts * Elicited Acts. These are actions performed by the will. (Wish, Intention, Consent, Election, Use) * Commanded acts. These are those acts done by man’s mental or bodily powers under the command of the will. (External and Internal Actions) Constituents of Human Acts * Knowledge. A human act as a deliberate act is a KNOWING ACT. No human act is possible without knowledge. * Freedom. The CAPACITY or POWER to choose between two or more courses of actions WITHOUT being forced to take one or the other by anything except our own will. * Voluntariness. A human act is a WILL- ACT. A voluntary act is different from what is merely WILLED and cannot be controlled by the will, as good or bad. Modifiers of Human Acts * Ignorance. It is the absence of necessary knowledge, which a person in a given situation, who is performing a certain act, ought to have. Ignorance therefore is a negation of knowledge. It can be classified as Vincible or Invincible Ignorance. * Passion or Concupiscence. It is here understood as a strong or powerful feeling or emotion. It refers more specifically to those bodily appetites or tendencies as experienced and expressed in such feelings as fear, love, hatred, despair, horror, sadness, anger, grief and the like. Passions are either classified as Antecedent or Consequent. * Fear. It is defined as the disturbance of the mind of a person who is confronted by an impending danger or harm to himself or loved ones. Fear may be considered a passion, which arises as an impulsive movement of avoidance of a threatening evil, ordinarily accompanied by bodily services. * Violence. It is generally referred to any physical force exerted on a person by another free agent for the purpose of compelling the said person to act against his will. * Habit. It is a constant and easy way of doing things acquired by the repetition of the same act. Habit is a lasting readiness and facility, born of frequently repeated acts, for acting in certain manner. Definition of Morality Ethics and morality are two words, which are oftentimes used interchangeably, not just in ordinary discourse and in popular media but also in academic discussions. Etymologically, the word â€Å"ethics† is derived from the Greek word â€Å"ethos†, which can be roughly translated in English as custom or a particular way and manner of acting and behaving. The Latin equivalent for custom is â€Å"mos† or â€Å"mores†. It is from this root word that the term â€Å"moral† or â€Å"morality† is derived. The two terms, ethics and morality, in this sense, therefore, have literally the same meaning. That is why ethics is usually taken synonymous with morality. Also because of this, ethics is also called morality, or more precisely, the other name of ethics is morality. Norms of Morality The general way in which a given society or group operates is largely determined by societal norms of morality. These norms are composed of the rules by which people are supposed to operate within that society, and these rules can be explicit or implicit. According to the definition of societal norms of morality, they are subject to change from society to society and age to age. If a particular social norm becomes unpopular, it ceases to be a social norm. There are, of course, some societal norms that are viewed with differing perspectives even within a society. Because of this, any given society can be broken down into further subgroups that share a more common set of societal norms. This process can, in theory, continue all the way to the individual level, at which point it ceases due to the obvious need for more than one person to constitute a group. Understanding and adhering to social norms begins at birth, and most of these social norms are so ingrained within an individual that it is difficult to see that they exist. Formal social norms are quite easy to spot, of course, because they are recorded in some way and require a specific punishment if they are not followed. Informal social norms make up the vast majority of social norms, however, and are much easier to miss. They take the form of folkways, which are rather informal norms that are ordinarily followed, but do not carry great consequences when broken, and mores, which are also informal, but carry great consequences when broken. The development of social norms is inevitable, and the pressure to conform to them is great. There are occasions upon which the larger group conforms to the norms of the individual or a small group, but it is far more likely that the individual or small group will conform to the norms of those in the majority. It is important to be aware of social norms so that the actions an individual can determine which social norms are worthy of challenging and which serve a useful purpose. Many of these social norms will not ever be noticed because they are a core part of each person, but it is still useful to reflect upon those which can be noticed. Determinants of Morality The factors in human conduct that determine whether it is good or bad. There are three such determinants of morality, namely the object, the end, and the circumstances. By object is meant what the free will chooses to do–in thought, word, or deed-or chooses not to do. Be end is meant the purpose for which the act is willed, which may be the act itself (as one of loving God) or some other purpose for which a person acts (as reading to learn). In either case, the end is the motive or the reason why an action is performed. By circumstances are meant all the elements that surround a human action and affect its morality without belonging to its essence. A convenient listing of these circumstances is to ask: who? Where? How? How much? By what means? How often? Some circumstances so affect the morality of an action as to change its species, as stealing a consecrated object becomes sacrilege and lying under oath is perjury. Other circumstances change the degree of goodness or badness of an act. In bad acts they are called aggravating circumstances, as the amount of money a person steals. To be morally good, a human act must agree with the norm of morality on all three counts: in its nature, its motive, and its circumstances. Departure from any of these makes the action morally wrong. Definition of Rights. Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory. Rights are of essential importance in such disciplines as law and ethics, especially theories of justice and deontology. Rights are often considered fundamental to civilization, being regarded as established pillars of society and culture and the history of social conflicts can be found in the history of each right and its development. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, â€Å"rights structure the form of governments, the content of laws, and the shape of morality as it is currently perceived. † The connection between rights and struggle cannot be overstated — rights are not as much granted or endowed as they are fought for and claimed, and the essence of struggles past and ancient are encoded in the spirit of current concepts of rights and their modern formulations. Definition of Duties. A duty to use care toward others that would be exercised by an ordinarily reasonable and prudent person in order to protect them from unnecessary risk of harm in a typical medical malpractice lawsuit, the plaintiff has the burden of proof to show that the physician had a legal duty of care to the patient, that the physician breached that duty, and that the breach caused injury to the plaintiff. Divisions of Duties An appropriate division of duties is the first basic principle of internal control. Remember, the basic point is that no single person should handle a transaction from beginning to end. The primary reason is to prevent an individual from having enough control over a transaction to where errors and/or irregularities can occur and go undetected for extended periods of time. An appropriate division of duties should also produce warning signals when errors and /or irregularities do occur. It is important to keep in mind that a good division of duties does not guarantee that things will operate, as they should. This is because two or more people can be involved in wrongdoing (i. e. collusion). Unannounced rotation of job duties and surprise audits can help reduce the chances of collusion. 3. Disablement Terminologies Disability * Inability to function normally, physically or mentally; incapacity. * Inability to pursue an occupation because of physical or mental impairment * The term â€Å"disability† summarizes a great number of different functional limitations occurring in any population in any country, of the world. People may be disabled by physical, intellectual or sensory impairment, medical conditions or mental illness. Such impairments, conditions or illnesses may be permanent or transitory in nature. Functional Limitation * Any health problem that prevents a person from completing a range of tasks, whether simple or complex. Handicap * A disadvantage for the given individual resulting from impairment or a disability that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a task that is normal in that individual. * A disadvantage that makes achievement unusually difficult. * The term â€Å"handicap† means the loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the life of the community on an equal level with others. It describes the encounter between the person with a disability and the environment. The purpose of this term is to emphasize the focus on the shortcomings in the environment and in many organized activities in society, for example, information, communication and education, which prevent persons with disabilities from participating on equal terms. Impairment (Indirect and Composite) * To cause to diminish, as in strength, value, or quality: an injury that impaired my hearing a severe storm impairing communications. * Any abnormality of, partial or complete loss of, or loss of the function of, a body part, organ, or system. * An injury, illness, or congenital condition that causes or is likely to cause a loss or difference of physiological or psychological function.

Fundamentals of Land Law Essay †Striking a Balance

Fundamentals of Land Law Essay – Striking a Balance Free Online Research Papers Fundamentals of Land Law Essay Striking a Balance Land law exists today to balance and regulate the rights of both purchaser and vendor upon a transfer of land. Before the flood of 1925 legislation affecting land transactions, purchasers of legal title took subject to many unpredictable and undiscoverable interests, disproportionately burdening them with extensive and expensive obligations and rendering vendors’ interests paramount. The comprehensive reforms encapsulated in the Land Registration Acts (LRA) of 1925 and 2002 overhauled the oft-criticised system of land transfer, affording both parties a more secure basis for the transfer of land. The major impetus behind the Acts was to achieve parity with the mirror principle of conveyancing, attaining a â€Å"truly transparent, accurate and comprehensive† Land Register, reflecting the wealth of interests in relation to titles in land and placing parties on more equal footing. Unfortunately, the 1925 Act failed to eradicate all ‘cracks in the mirror’, instead preserving the relevance of certain interests which may ‘override’ registration. These ‘overriding’ interests burden registered land by operating on a superior plane to other registrable interests, binding purchasers outright and disproportionately empowering the overriding interest-holder. Although the majority of overriding interests provided by the 1925 Act are largely uncontentious, controversy has surrounded the overriding status of interests belonging to persons ‘in actual occupation’ of the land . To this end, LRA 1925, s.70(1)(g) protects an interest in land where its owner is in actual occupation on the land. The open-ended nature of this provision has not unexpectedly been the subject of extensive litigation. Although the Law Commission initially felt compelled to recommend the abolition of all overriding interests, the sentiment was that in order to protect occupiers who cannot reasonably be expected to protect their rights through registration, this sub-category and its accompanying controversy should be retained . Lord Denning’s justification was to protect occupiers from â€Å"having their rights lost in the welter of registration† . The LRA 2002 has thus upheld overriding status of interests of persons in ‘actual occupation’, albeit curbing and clarifying the parameters within which the rights of occupiers can impinge upon purchasers . Now enshrined in LRA 2002, Schedule 3, paragraph 2, overriding interests of those in ‘actual occupation’ subsist as a glaring ‘crack’ in the mirror principle, despite the elucidation and qualification now provided. Analysis of the issues surrounding overriding interests and ‘actual occupationâ €™ is necessary to determine whether balance has been, or will ever be, achieved between purchasers and those in ‘actual occupation’. Within the ambit of Schedule 3, paragraph 2, occupancy itself is not overriding, but rather the interest the occupier has in the land he occupies has the potential to become overriding. Actual occupation, therefore, â€Å"is merely the trigger which activates the statutory protection† of the interest. The types of interest falling within its scope are not clarified, and judicial uncertainty has reflected this lack of clarity. The initial belief under the 1925 Act was that only proprietary rights in the full sense – enduring and capable of being transmitted – can override . In Ainsworth , Russell LJ said that a right for the purposes of s.70(1)(g) must â€Å"have the quality of being capable of enduring through different ownerships of the land† , thus relegating a beneficial interest under a trust to a minor interest which only registration will protect. Their Lordships drew a distinction between personalty and proprietary rights, the latter of which could only be eligible for overriding status. However, judicial uncertainty persisted in the aftermath of Ainsworth, with judges adopting â€Å"markedly differing attitudes to the rights in s.70† . Such a miscellany of interests as a right to rectify , a tenant’s right to buy under the Landlord and Tenant Act 1987 and an unpaid vendor’s lien were all held to fall within the ambit of s.70(1)(g), rendering reconciliation difficult with the notion that only strictly proprietary interests will suffice. Nevertheless, Schedule 3, paragraph 2 upholds application only to proprietary rights due to its clarification that the interest must be one â€Å"affecting the estate† . Following a move during the Bill’s debate to extend the categories of beneficiaries in actual occupation , the boundaries of Ainsworth are not immovable, and in the wake of the seminal case of Boland , beneficial interests under a trust are permitted overriding interests. In the latter case, a wife had an unregistered beneficial interest in the family home which her husband was the registered proprietary owner of. When the husband was unable to repay the mortgage loan, the House of Lords held that the wife’s beneficial interest was sufficient to amount to a proprietary interest in the land . Other successful interests include equitable leases and tenancies , estate contracts as options to purchase , and rights arising out of estoppel . It is accepted that an occupier’s interest must be fully enforceable and unencumbered at the date of the disposition of the land in order to be imbued with overriding status. In Mendelsohn , a mother had knowledge of a building society’s mortgage to her son for part of the purchase price of a property she also paid part of, and then she argued that she had an overriding interest due to her actual occupation. The Court of Appeal held that her knowledge of the mortgage equated to implied consent to being subject to the mortgage, thus estopping her claim by virtue of her silent representation . This had embellished the intrinsic quality of her right, thus precluding reliance upon ‘actual occupation’ to make it overriding. The concept of overreaching in a trust scenario renders an interest, which would otherwise be overriding, lost and unable to be empowered by ‘actual occupation’. Originally enshrined in s.2 Law of Property Act 1925, overreaching applies where there are two or more trustees in land. Upon disposition of the land, the beneficiaries’ interests are overreached and the sale monies go directly to the trustees, essentially detaching the beneficiaries’ interests from the estate. Although overreaching failed in Boland due to there being only one trustee, in Flegg overreaching occurred where a husband and wife were trustees in a house that they shared with the wife’s parents, who were beneficiaries under the trust. When the house was sold, the beneficiaries’ interests were overreached and the proceeds went to the trustees. As Lord Templeman surmised, â€Å"actual occupation is not an interest in itself† . The effect of overreaching is that purcha sers’ rights are subject to â€Å"the waywardness of actual occupation† if purchase is made from less than two trustees, thus placing purchasers in the precarious position of taking subject to beneficiaries’ rights upon transfer from one trustee. The ambit of ‘actual occupation’ envisaged by the Acts has been contentious since its inception in LRA 1925, resulting in a catalogue of jurisprudence concerning how exactly to ascertain actual occupation. Under s.70(1)(g), a purchaser was bound pro tanto, rendering occupiers’ interests overriding whether discoverable by a purchaser or not . Although the draft Land Registration Bill preceding the 2002 Act included a partial definition of actual occupation as being â€Å"physically present there†, the 2002 Act did not incorporate this provision, so actual occupation remains largely undefined . Had this provision been included, it would have given credence to Boland, where their Lordships made an uncompromising set of judgments observing actual occupation to comprise â€Å"ordinary words of plain English† and to constitute â€Å"a plain factual situation† . These judgments suggest that ‘actual occupation’ requires no â€Å"entitle ment in law† and that concepts of notice are irrelevant to actual occupation , thus bestowing occupiers with the ability to trump purchasers through the simple fact of occupation. LRA 2002 provides that an occupier cannot claim an overriding interest where the purchaser had â€Å"actual knowledge† of the occupation or where occupation â€Å"would not have been obvious on a reasonably careful inspection of the land† . This has introduced a notice-based test, radically altering the nature of establishing actual occupation and rebalancing purchaser and occupier. Purchases of unregistered land operate on the doctrine of notice, and although Lord Wilberforce compared notice to actual occupation in Boland , he rejected the notion that it should be applied similarly, upholding the ‘absolutist’ factual test . However, the ‘constitutionalist’ view, considering notice as a context in which to interpret actual occupation, has come to the fore. Constitutionalism originates from the rule in Hunt v Luck , that occupation gives notice of the occupier’s rights, and the actual occupation rule was drafted to reflect this, albeit n ot giving effect to the full doctrine of constructive notice. The two approaches represent the conflicting interests of occupier and purchaser. The tension between the approaches is evident in Rosset , where Purchas LJ said that the individual’s overriding interest depended upon both physical presence and whether â€Å"appropriate inquiries made by the bank [would] have elicited the fact of her interest† . Although actual occupation fails to give credence to the full doctrine of notice, Mustill LJ said that â€Å"even if constructive notice no longer applies in this field, the old law still gives a flavour to the new† . Rosset created a tentative balance between the approaches to actual occupation, leaving the conflict unresolved until the inception of the LRA 2002. Nevertheless, a notice-based test of occupation can be elicited from Schedule 3, paragraph 2, serving to burden both purchaser and occupier. For purchasers, a burden is imposed to inquire of persons in actual occupation â€Å"what rights he or she has in the land† . This duty is unsatisfied via simple inquiry of the vendor, as â€Å"reliance on the untrue ipse dixit of the [vendor] will not suffice† ; inquiry must be made of actual occupiers to take free of their interests. The notice approach also burdens occupiers, however, as failure to disclose interests when inquired revokes the right to receive overriding status . Although this redresses the balance between occupier and purchaser, it may be unreasonable to bind occupiers to surrender interests in the contingency that, as Dixon submits, â€Å"the right-holder knows that the consequences of disclosure will be the loss of the family home† . It is clear then, that the contemporary approach taken to determining questions of actual occupation under Schedule 3, paragraph 2 â€Å"expresses a decisive and unquestioned policy choice in favour of purchasers† . In establishing the intricacies of actual occupation, the abundance of litigation under the 1925 Act provides guidance. Although occupation must be intentional and ongoing, it is not precluded by â€Å"a temporary and fortuitous absence† . In Chhokar v Chhokar , a woman giving birth remained in actual occupation of her home during her confinement in hospital. However, a pattern of substantial absence will prove fatal to a claim of actual occupation . Discontinuous occupation owing to regular and routine absences also fails to preclude actual occupation, as in Tizard a homeowner was in actual occupation of her house despite living at her sister’s house for two nights per week. This lack of constancy allows occupiers enforceability of their interests without adhering to stringent standards of occupation. Judicial opinions are divergent regarding an individual occupying land through an agent. In Caswell, a stepfather could not claim actual occupation through his stepdaughter staying in the property as his agent. However, in Rosset , the presence of builders working on the house was sufficient for the owner employing them to be in actual occupation. Conversely in Lloyd v Dugdale , an individual could not claim an overriding interest if occupation was effected through a company owned by that individual . This instils in interest-holders the requirement to be the party in actual occupation for their interest to be overriding. Preparatory acts prior to taking occupation are insufficient in procuring actual occupation, as laying carpets and installing furniture in Cann failed to amount to actual occupation. Cann additionally clarified the stage at which individuals must be in actual occupation as being at the moment the transfer is executed, rather than the moment of registration. This is now supported by LRA 2002, which expressly states that interest and occupation must subsist â€Å"at the time of the disposition† . This precludes individuals from occupying land post-purchase but pre-registration and claiming overriding interests against purchasers, thus holding purchasers’ interests above those of occupiers. It is now established that certain persons are excluded absolutely from actual occupation. A wife was once thought to be a mere â€Å"shadow† of her husband’s occupation, and although discredited in Boland, the same concept was adopted in Robinson to define children, even if beneficial owners under a trust, as being in â€Å"shadows of occupation of their parent† . The rationale for this was that no enquiry could be made of children, especially those of tender years , which has been roundly criticised as â€Å"curiously at odds with reality† . The Robinson judgment undoubtedly favours the interests of purchasers, by completely refusing to acknowledge a potential source of overriding interest. Where an individual owns rights over an area greater than he is in actual occupation of, Ferrishurst v Wallcite offers guidance. In that case, an option to purchase the lease of land greater than the area in actual occupation was held to be overriding. This decision heavily burdened purchasers and extended overriding interests for occupiers, and as an attempt to rebalance the relationship, the LRA 2002 has reversed this decision, providing that any interest protected by occupation is restricted to the land which is actually occupied . As Dixon concludes, â€Å"the legal extent of the interest that overrides is to be co-terminus with the extent of the actual occupation† . The protections afforded to both occupier and purchaser have made for an edgy equilibrium throughout the evolution of overriding interests in relation to actual occupation, but always the law has struggled to balance the disparities in this relationship. Although purchasers have historically faced hardship in overcoming the â€Å"intermediate, or hybrid, class† of overriding interests wielded by occupiers, their position has been improved somewhat by the evolution of both statutory and common law. However, the interests of the two parties have yet to achieve legal equivalence. The very existence of overriding interests has been labelled as â€Å"disquieting† for purchasers, not least because indemnity cannot be awarded to a purchaser trapped by such an interest . This has placed purchasers on an uphill struggle to have their interests judicially and statutorily recognised and accorded significance that endures today. Solace lies at the advent of compulsory e-conveyancing, promoted heavily by the 2002 Act, which envisages synchronicity of disposition and registration in land transfers . This development will render many equitable interests unprotected unless registered, despite being currently overriding upon actual occupation. Schedule 3, paragraph 2 will then be restricted only to the protection of those occupiers’ interests which arise informally, through resulting or constructive trusts or through estoppel , effectively narrowing an occupier’s ability to override registration. The underlying and pervading expectation that overriding interests will eventually be drawn onto the Land Register through positive registration will ultimately abolish the subsistence of occupiers’ unregistered and overriding interests upon a transfer of registered land which so adversely affects purchasers. Bibliography Gray Gray, Core Texts: Land Law (4th edn, 2005, OUP) Green Cursley, Land Law (5th edn, 2004, Palgrave Macmillan) Martin, EA (ed.), Dictionary of Law (2003, OUP) Smith, R, Property Law: Cases and Materials (2nd edn, 2003, Longman) Thomas, M, Blackstone’s Statutes on Property Law 2005-2006 (13th edn, 2005, OUP) Thompson, M, Modern Land Law (2nd edn, 2003, OUP) Bogusz, B, â€Å"Bringing Land Registration into the Twenty-First Century – The Land Registration Act 2002† MLR 2002, 65(4), 556-567 Dixon, M, â€Å"The Reform of Property Law and the Land Registration Act 2002: A Risk Assessment† Conv. 2003, Mar/Apr, 136-156 Kenny, P H, â€Å"Children Are Spare Ribs† Conv. 1997, Mar/Apr, 84-85 Pascoe, S, â€Å"Triumph for Overriding Interests† Conv. 1999, Mar/Apr, 144-149 Smith, R J, â€Å"Overriding Interests and Wives† (1979) 95 LQR 501 Sparkes, P, â€Å"The Discoverability of Occupiers of Registered Land† Conv. 1989, Sep/Oct, 342-354 Tee, L, â€Å"The Rights of Every Person in Actual Occupation: An Enquiry into section 70(1)(g) of the Land Registration Act 1925† (1998) 57 CLJ 328 â€Å"Remedies: No Overriding Interest† P.L.B. 2002, 22(7), 52 Law Commission, Land Registration for the Twenty-First Century (1998) Law Com No 254 Joint Law Commission and HM Land Registry Report (2001) Law Com 271 Boone, K (2004), Actual Occupation. 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