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Thursday, September 3, 2020
More than 20 words for snow - Emphasis
In excess of 20 words for day off In excess of 20 words for day off Here in the southeast snow everything except carried typical business life to a stop yesterday. What's more, its very little better today. Here in Emphasis towers were made of sterner stuff: it takes in excess of a couple of snowflakes to hinder us from our crucial work of telling individuals the best way to compose better business archives. Like every other person however, we have snow on the mind right now especially as our kettle separated fourteen days prior. (Weve all been lounging around in caps and scarves from that point onward, sitting tight for the warming designer to come back with the correct bits to retouch it.) As everybody knows, the Eskimos have in excess of twelve words for day off. Or then again is that only a urban fantasy? Weve broken out our syntactic snow scoops and have been doing a touch of burrowing to get to the base of the story. It appears it may be valid after very. As per Professor Anthony Woodbury of the University of Texas at Austin, there are in reality in any event 15 distinctive word bunches for snow in the Yupik Eskimo language, as you can peruse here. That is not as stunning as it sounds, however. In English, he tallied 22. Why such huge numbers of? Well the Eskimo list is built up by words for snow arrangements and meteorological terms, for example, pirta which implies blizzard. It incorporates words for which we have no proportional, for example, qanisqineq importance snow skimming on water. Be that as it may, the English rundown incorporates words like whirlwind, tidying and snowstorm, just as words weve embraced from French, for example, cornice and torrential slide. So now you know.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
The broad thematic perspective Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
The wide topical point of view - Movie Review Example The general expense of the film was around à £900,000 which is identical to à £11.4 million today. It was first communicated on ITV in 1973. The narrative met huge individuals from Axis and Allied battles, involving onlooker accounts by enrolled men, regular citizens, government officials, and officials among others. Significant antiquarians were Stephen Ambrose and Adolf Galland (Ambruster 17). The arrangement ââ¬Å"The World at War,â⬠involves a DVD set by Jeremy Isaac disclosing the needs given to assessments and meetings with enduring colleagues and assistants other than perceived figures. Karl Wolff who was Heinrich Himmlerââ¬â¢s auxiliary was the most troublesome interviewee to convince and find. During the assessment, he acknowledged to be among the huge observers in mass annihilation, in Himmlerââ¬â¢s nearness. In the later piece of the arrangement, Isaacs demonstrated fulfillment with the involves of the arrangement. He additionally included that the substance involved unclassified data concerning British code-breaking. The narrative is recorded among the top projects in British TV under the assemblage of British Film Institute in 2000 (Ambruster 5). This is a circumstance whereby countries search for elective methods for unraveling clashes. This is a urgent topic that wins in the entirety of the four clasps. Brutality was because of contention of thoughts and methods of getting things done. Be that as it may, for this situation, brutality advances because of irreconcilable circumstance. The subjects were made to do things they were not willing by their lords. Harmony won after the accommodation of the Nazi powers who were Germans. Huge killings, for example, those outlined in ââ¬Å"Whirlwind: Bombing Germanyâ⬠which is the twelve scene are a portion of the exercises that ground to a halt prompting pervasiveness of harmony. The scene stresses on enormous bombings by the British and American armed force in Germany. Meetings from witnesses, for example, Albert Speer, William Reid and James Stewart clarify how guiltless lives were taken
Friday, August 21, 2020
Microtubules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1
Microtubules - Essay Example aments, which exhibit various turnover rates, are firmly connected with actin restricting proteins which contrast, and it has been hypothesized that they decide the distinctions in turnover rates. This pliancy of the inside structure of the actins is liable for the distinction in fiber turnover rates in various cell areas. This is practiced through direct control of the fiber soundness and through tweak of protein restricting influencing the steadiness of the fibers (Kueha et al., 2008). These, in this way, are mechanoskelatal proteins which convert vitality discharged by hydrolysis of ATP or from particle inclinations and create mechanical powers. The most significant component of these proteins that while they tie, they convey their own load, and consequently development at a particular heading of this protein because of microtubular shortening would bring about development of the freight from one area to the next inside the phone. This permits a road of development of the cell proteins to the objective zone where further concoction response may happen. Therefore, this is a case of embellishment protein which in relationship with the cell microtubules can cause sliding development between the microtubules that are adjoining and simultaneously causes development of the cytoplasmic particles along a solitary microtubule to its objective (Gibbon, 1988). Late investigations on embellishment proteins related with microtubules show that cytosolic dyneins are related with retrograde transmission of intraxonal vesicles inside neural tissues, and the forward movement of such vesicles is affected by another frill protein, to be specific, kinesins. Simultaneously, inside the cerebrum neural tissues frill proteins have been found which fluctuate in atomic loads and official... This paper centers around the conversation of the microtubules, that on the sub-atomic level include tubulin particles, which thus are a heterodimer containing globular polypeptides, alpha and beta tubulin which are firmly related and firmly connected. Numerous cell capacities are constrained by these microtubules which basically are interceded through polymerisation and depolymerisation, which are constrained by nucleotide GTP. Following amalgamation, there are atomic improvements inside these microtubules are settled with adornment proteins, which are explicit for specific tubulin. In this task from various cell models, these collaborations between the particular adornment proteins and the microtubule sub-atomic structure will be analyzed so as to depict the structures and elements of these particular extra proteins. It has been shown in the article, that inside the cell, there is persistent change of microtubules which is presented through a procedure of official to different prot eins. These are known as microtubule related proteins or frill proteins. The two principle jobs that these microtubule-adornment protein buildings perform are adjustment of the microtubular atomic structure against dismantling and all the more significantly intercession of their collaborations with different parts of the cell. The most critical and universal protein related are ATPases which transduce vitality otherwise called microtubule engine proteins which initiate a sliding between contiguous microtubules.
Monday, June 8, 2020
Lovely Lovecraft The Complexity of The Shunned House - Literature Essay Samples
While we often cast aside shock value as a cheap method of producing a volatile reaction from readers and filmgoers, the fact remains that decay, disfigurement, and other elements of the grotesque are capable of establishing a theme and perhaps even aiding in the progression of a narrative when used appropriately. One could even argue the necessity of transgressive imagery to create potent allegorical figures within a given work. In film this is commonly portrayed within a subgenre called body horror. Despite the exploitative style of some movies such as Cannibal Holocaust or Hostel, others like The Fly articulate dense morality through bodily malformation. Often heralded as one of the horror genreââ¬â¢s most revered novelists, H.P. Lovecraft is a master orchestrator of these and other elements with his influence haunting much of todayââ¬â¢s contemporary horror films and literature. Lovecraftââ¬â¢s novelette ââ¬Å"The Shunned Houseâ⬠provides several effective means of asserting bleak themes of decay, neglect, and the ugliness of our own demons through the use of genuinely perturbing symbolism. Early on Lovecraft makes it known that the titular house saw considerable death and trauma, with the narrator suggesting that ââ¬Å"it was plainly unhealthy, perhaps because of the dampness and fungous growth in the cellar, the general sickish smellâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ (113). A focus on smell and the smattering of adjectives related to health appear as an intentional attempt on Lovecraftââ¬â¢s part to thrust his readers into a dark and uncomfortable place, readily introducing decay and declining health as a primary theme. The narrator goes on to introduce some of the traumas permeating the house, mentioning the ââ¬Å"frightful proportion of persons [who] died thereâ⬠as well as the fact that ââ¬Å"those who did not die displayed in varying degreeâ⬠¦a decline of the mental faculties, which spoke ill for the salubriousness of the buildingâ⬠(113). Note the use of the antiquated term ââ¬Ësalubriousnessââ¬â¢ as it subtly personifies the house as a sickened being. Thou gh the most logical assumption would be that people are dying in the house simply due to it being unkempt, some might take a shot in the dark and argue that Lovecraft is urging his audience to willfully suspend their disbelief in order to float the idea that rather the house is dilapidated on account of being able to ââ¬Å"feelâ⬠the residual negative energies that perforate its walls and infect its inhabitants accordingly. Notions of decay are discussed in greater detail whereupon the narrator is exploring the house and discovers in its cellar a ââ¬Å"mouldy [sic] floor with its uncanny shapes and distorted, half-phosphorescent fungiâ⬠(126). To provide a little context, the narrator had been examining the house for some time and there is nary a mention of any previous attempt to rid the place of the fungi. We often associate fungi with all things pestilent and parasitic. Perhaps the fungi could be read, in a very abstract light, as representing the negative energy humans often stow and have eating away at their emotions hence why some inhabitants of the house suffer from ââ¬Å"a decline of the mental facultiesâ⬠(126). Another way of looking at it would be to imagine the house as a metaphor for society and the fungi as the innate ugliness that society is left to deal with on a daily basis. Further credence is lent to this point when shortly after noticing the fungi, the narrator experience s an apparition that comes in the form of ââ¬Å"a subtle, sickish, luminous vapour [sic] which as it hung trembling in the dampness seemed to develop vague and shocking suggestions of formâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ (126). Notable here is the use of ââ¬Ësickishââ¬â¢ as an almost personifying adjective given that this particular passage might insinuate that the ââ¬Ëvapourââ¬â¢ is taking the form of a human specter. This is ultimately left to the readerââ¬â¢s imagination. Some might read it as simply a cloud of mold spores in a stereotypically dusty cellar, though the fact that Lovecraft opts to linger on this particular scene might imply a different meaning. If the ââ¬Ëvapourââ¬â¢ was indeed taking the shape of a human, it could serve as an allegory for degradation resulting from negative energy. Combine a decrepit, notoriously violent house with years upon years of neglect and youââ¬â¢re bound to see its residual negativity take some pretty nasty forms. Speaking of nasty forms, no analysis of ââ¬Å"The Shunned Houseâ⬠would be complete without taking a peek at the penultimate scene near the end. Our narrator has started digging a hole in the cellar in hopes of finding the source of some wretched smell emanating from it. ââ¬Å"As [he] turned up the stinking black earthâ⬠¦[his] spade caus[ed] a viscous yellow ichor to ooze from the white fungi which it severedâ⬠(137). Contrasting the storyââ¬â¢s aforementioned apparition, Lovecraft is leaving nothing to the readerââ¬â¢s imagination here. All manner of grossness is on full, gratuitous display; if the ground wasnââ¬â¢t already putrid enough itââ¬â¢s now oozing something that sounds an awful lot like the pus that seeps from a popped pimple. This scenery is captivating as it is effectively nauseating, further elucidating themes of decay within the narrative while also perhaps serving as a precursor to the contemporary body horror subgenre. Corpses leak all sor ts of sebaceous, gooey goodies shortly after expiry and I canââ¬â¢t help but feel that Lovecraft is trying to manufacture his shunned house to do the same and then some. Things only get nastier as the narrator continues to dig until he stumbles upon something ââ¬Å"fishy and glassyââ¬âa kind of semi-putrid congealed jellyâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ which turned out to be the elbow of an ââ¬Å"unthinkable abominationâ⬠(137-138). Again Lovecraft presents readers with perpetually squelchy visions designed explicitly to induce cringing and squirming. I feel thoroughly ââ¬Å"grossed outâ⬠reading this in 2018 and I can only imagine what was going through the heads of these readers when the story was published some 81 years ago. It may seem like a little bit of a stretch but this scene could serve as a potent example of grotesque allegory tying back into the storyââ¬â¢s primary theme of decay. The narrator represents the troubled everyman constantly digging for something but ab sent to the fact that heââ¬â¢s only digging further and further into the uglier side of himself which consequently appears in the form of the gnarly beast at the bottom of the hole. Dig yourself deep enough and all youââ¬â¢ll have left are your demons. In sharp contrast to the pulpy nature of many other works of fiction, H.P. Lovecraft articulately weaves elements of the unknown and unearthly into a simultaneously stomach-churning and thought-provoking narrative. As its title might suggest in abstract, ââ¬Å"The Shunned Houseâ⬠personifies complicated themes of decay and confronting demons by way of a dilapidated house and the otherworldly being in its cellar. Noted filmmaker David Cronenberg once said: ââ¬Å"I think of horror films as art, as films of confrontations. Films that make you confront aspects of your own life that are difficult to face. Just because youre making a horror film doesnt mean you cant make an artful filmâ⬠(Cronenberg). Perhaps the same could be said equally in regards to horror literature as there is often far more to be found than a series of sinister shocks and creepy crawlies.
Sunday, May 17, 2020
Learn About Photosynthesis Formula
Some organisms need to create the energy they need to survive. These organisms are capable of absorbing energy from sunlight and using it to produce sugar and other organic compounds such as lipids and proteins. The sugars are then used to provide energy for the organism. This process, called photosynthesis, is used by photosynthetic organisms including plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Photosynthesis Equation In photosynthesis, solar energy is converted to chemical energy. The chemical energy is stored in the form of glucose (sugar). Carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight are used to produce glucose, oxygen, and water. The chemical equation for this process is: 6CO2 12H2O light ââ â C6H12O6 6O2 6H2O Six molecules of carbon dioxide (6CO2) and twelve molecules of water (12H2O) are consumed in the process, while glucose (C6H12O6), six molecules of oxygen (6O2), and six molecules of water (6H2O) are produced. This equation may be simplified as: 6CO2 6H2O light ââ â C6H12O6 6O2. Photosynthesis in Plants In plants, photosynthesis occurs mainly within the leaves. Since photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight, all of these substances must be obtained by or transported to the leaves. Carbon dioxide is obtained through tiny pores in plant leaves called stomata. Oxygen is also released through the stomata. Water is obtained by the plant through the roots and delivered to the leaves through vascular plant tissue systems. Sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll, a green pigment located in plant cell structures called chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain several structures, each having specific functions: Outer and inner membranesââ¬â protective coverings that keep chloroplast structures enclosed.Stromaââ¬âdense fluid within the chloroplast. The site of conversion of carbon dioxide to sugar.Thylakoidââ¬âflattened sac-like membrane structures. The site of conversion of light energy to chemical energy.Granaââ¬âdensely layered stacks of thylakoid sacs. Sites of conversion of light energy to chemical energy.Chlorophyllââ¬âa green pigment within the chloroplast. Absorbs light energy. Stages of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. These stages are called the light reactions and the dark reactions. The light reactions take place in the presence of light. The dark reactions do not require direct light, however dark reactions in most plants occur during the day. Light reactions occur mostly in the thylakoid stacks of the grana. Here, sunlight is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP (free energy containing molecule) and NADPH (high energy electron carrying molecule). Chlorophyll absorbs light energy and starts a chain of steps that result in the production of ATP, NADPH, and oxygen (through the splitting of water). Oxygen is released through the stomata. Both ATP and NADPH are used in the dark reactions to produce sugar. Dark reactions occur in the stroma. Carbon dioxide is converted to sugar using ATP and NADPH. This process is known as carbon fixation or the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle has three main stages: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. In carbon fixation, carbon dioxide is combined with a 5-carbon sugar [ribulose1,5-biphosphate (RuBP)] creating a 6-carbon sugar. In the reduction stage, ATP and NADPH produced in the light reaction stage are used to convert the 6-carbon sugar into two molecules of a 3-carbon carbohydrate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is used to make glucose and fructose. These two molecules (glucose and fructose) combine to make sucrose or sugar. In the regeneration stage, some molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate are combined with ATP and are converted back into the 5-carbon sugar RuBP. With the cycle complete, RuBP is available to be combined with carbon dioxide to begin the cycle over again. Photosynthesis Summary In summary, photosynthesis is a process in which light energy is converted to chemical energy and used to produce organic compounds. In plants, photosynthesis typically occurs within the chloroplasts located in plant leaves. Photosynthesis consists of two stages, the light reactions, and the dark reactions. The light reactions convert light into energy (ATP and NADHP) and the dark reactions use the energy and carbon dioxide to produce sugar. For a review of photosynthesis, take the Photosynthesis Quiz.
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Queen Elizabeth I As Unworthy Of The Throne - 2196 Words
Queen Elizabeth I was underestimated by many and was seen as unworthy of the throne. Queen Elizabeth I had a successful reign full of victories and power and was able to make sixteenth century England a thriving nation. The middle and upper class were living comfortably and Englandââ¬â¢s tin, coal, and led industries were taking off (Lambert, par. 1). The reign of Queen Elizabeth I was strong and powerful (Boatner, par. 7). She not only kept the nation strong but united as one. As triumphant as her life may seem, she did deal with a difficult childhood and an almost inexistent love life. Her lack of romantic relationships is why she is now known as Englandââ¬â¢s virgin queen, she died having never gotten married and without any children (Brimacombe 28). Queen Elizabeth I had a huge ascendency on the prosperity of England throughout her whole life: her childhood, adulthood and her golden years. This essay will discuss the hardships, triumphs and the influence that Queen Elizabe th I had during her time on the throne within the different stages of her life: her childhood, adulthood and her golden years. The Renaissance, as defined by the Encyclopedia Britannica, ââ¬Å"literally means the rebirth of European civilizationâ⬠(www.britannica.com). People started gaining interest in ââ¬Å"classical scholarship and valuesâ⬠(www.britannica.com). During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, one of her most recognized victories was the Spanish Armada. It was a ââ¬Å"great fleet sent by KingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Elizabeth I s Speech975 Words à |à 4 Pagesappears as one of the main topics these three samples of Elizabeth Iââ¬â¢s speeches. While she commonly mentions gender to sound humble and motherly, she also combines her gender with her knowledge to drive her points when explaining or avoiding topics, influencing the peopleââ¬â¢s opinion, and rallying the people. Some of these ideas have been captured in her portraits. Elizabeth uses her gender and knowledge to make herself appear as a humble queen who knows she does not deserve the crown while still usingRead MoreThe Doubt of Future Foes by Queen Elizabeth I: The Outraged Thoughts of a Proud Queen805 Words à |à 4 PagesOne might second guess poetry written by the Queen of England while others might be intrigued by it. During Queen Elizabethââ¬â¢s challenging reign as Queen, she faced many burdensome obstacles. In her poem, ââ¬Å"The Doubt of Future Foesâ⬠, she describes a significant one which involved her sister, Mary of Scots. She expresses her condescending and disgusted attitude toward her tenacious sister by using picturesque language. The inspiration for this poem, Mary had been living under her sisterââ¬â¢s protectionRead MoreElizabeth : The Forgotten Years Essay1577 Words à |à 7 PagesOften considered by historians as one of Englandââ¬â¢s greatest monarchs, Elizabeth Tudorââ¬â¢s life and prosperous reign have inspir ed numerous historical works including books, biographies, and visual media representations. Elizabeth: The Forgotten Years, written by John Guy, is an exquisitely detailed biography of the Tudor queen, which encapsulates her not only as an authoritative figure but also as an independent woman. Guy focuses on the trialling years of Elizabethââ¬â¢s rise to prominence, as she facesRead MoreElizabeth I, Monarch Of England, And Marie De L Incarnation Essay1517 Words à |à 7 PagesElizabeth I, monarch of England, and Marie de lââ¬â¢Incarnation, a French nun, both invoked God and other forms of religious power to stake their claims to authority. Elizabethââ¬â¢s role as a queen came at a time when her country was going through political turmoil. Marieââ¬â¢s role as a missionary in New France was to civilize the indigenous people. Although working to better their countries, both of these writers are vastly different due to their social positions. While Elizabeth had the subst antial taskRead MoreThe Book Of Martyrs By John Foxe925 Words à |à 4 PagesI will be examining an image taken from the Book, Acts and Monuments, or better known as the Book of Martyrs. This book was written by John Foxe in 1563. Foxe was a devout protestant during a time where Catholicism was being revived By Queen Mary. This Image displays Thomas Cranmer. Cranmer was the Archbishop of Canterbury during King Henryââ¬â¢s regime and helped Henry annul his marriage with Catherine. Cranmer supported Royal Supremacy and was a huge reason for the creation of the Protestant ChurchRead More The Portrayal of Socially Destructive and Over-Ambitious Richard, in Shakespeares Richard III2909 Words à |à 12 Pageswith the other protagonists in the play and also by what he confesses as his intentions. Richardââ¬â¢s political ambition is revealed through his strategic calculations based on the order of birth in his York family which puts him third away from the throne. Ahead of him is his elder brother, George Clarence, a barrier which will have to eradicate. His brother, King Edward, is another political barrier, by simply being alive, in power and equally by being the father of the two young princes . Richardââ¬â¢sRead MoreQueen Elizabeth I Essays3117 Words à |à 13 Pages Queen Elizabeth I was by all rights Englands most praised monarch. Her success in her reign, viewed in later centuries, cannot adequately encompass all that she did or how she maintained her power. In part, her endurance stems from the way in which she learned early in life to fight with forces that were not physical, those of her mind, her intellect, and her own spirit. She used her intellect to create an empire. Her education and early training of mind together with her basic understandingRead MoreEssay about Elizabethan Theater1308 Words à |à 6 Pages Elizabethan Theater Drama changed literature and theater into what it is today. I. History of Elizabethan Theater a. forming of theater 1. medieval church 2. mystery and morality b. actors 1. rogues and thieves 2. acting guilds II. Influences and people a. commanding actors 1. Shakespeare 2. Burbage b. other 1. wars of the roses (other historical influences) 2. laws restricting theater III. The theaters a. prices 1. seating 2. stage b. the theater and the globe 1. locations and characteristicsRead More The Seriousness of in Shakespeares Comedy of Errors Essay examples1916 Words à |à 8 PagesThe Seriousness of The Comedy of Errors à à à à à The Comedy of Errors has often been dismissed as a mere farce, unworthy of any serious attention. Yet, when the author is Shakespeare, even a farce is well worth a second look. Shakespeare himself may have takent his comedic work quite seriously, for audiences expected comedy of his day not only to entertain, but also to morally instruct. It is not surprising, therefore, that for one of his earliest comedies, Shakespeare found a model in theRead More Cleopatras Beauty Essay3422 Words à |à 14 Pagesactual beauty. Actual beauty can be defined as the interaction of personality and sensuality with the external. Cleopatra is lauded for her beauty but this beauty is, in fact, actual beauty. Would we consider Cleopatra beautiful in this day and age? I say no. Perhaps if we knew her and were ensnared by her legendary charms, she would be beautiful to us but one must decipher her personality before discovering her actual beauty. PHYSICAL BEAUTY Physical beauty is uncontrollable and is purely a
A Solution to the Population Problem free essay sample
Increasing importance has been placed upon population and population growth over the course of the past few centuries. Scientists are frenetically searching for the solution to this issue, and their outcomes are bleak. They are telling the world that if population growth does not slow, the earth will swell to a capacity too large to sustain itself and the conclusion will be apocalyptic. Explanations are numerous, however viable solutions are difficult to find. Adherents to the Malthusian theory, such as Garrett Hardin, author of the article There Is No Global Population Problem, believe that this extreme growth in population will hinder economic development, therefore the industrialized nations must fight to control the population boom. Others, including those supporting the demographic transition theory, such as Gerard Piel, author of Worldwide Development or Population Explosion: Our Choice, claim that the opposite is happening; economic development is limiting population growth and if every country is raised up to a level of economic stability population rates will decrease. Although both articles raise good points and offer up possible solutions, the demographic transition theoryââ¬â¢s solution, as characterized by Pielââ¬â¢s article, is a more effective way to slow population growth. Pielââ¬â¢s article outlines the population problem and solution, yet it neglects to analyze the real cause. The consumption rates of a few countries are creating poverty, hunger, and overpopulation in many countries throughout the world. If this issue continues to be ignored, even if Pielââ¬â¢s solution strategies are implemented, the world will reach carrying capacity and our worst prognostics will come true. In 1798 the Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus published his Essay on the Principle of Population, in which he deduced, ââ¬Å"Population, when unchecked, increases in a geometric ratio. Subsistence increases only in an arithmetic ratio. â⬠(Piel 1995 Pg. 44) His claim was that there would be a point in time where the worldââ¬â¢s resources would no longer be able to support the population and the world would be reduced to ââ¬Å"wars of extermination, sickly seasons, epidemics, pestilence, and plague. â⬠(Malthus 1798 Pg. 49) Hardinââ¬â¢s article supports the Malthusian point of view. He believes that there is indeed a population problem, and there are three basic things which can be done to solve the problem; deglobalize the issue, bring immigration to a halt and use ââ¬Å"mutual coercionâ⬠to reduce birth rates. Hardinââ¬â¢s most important claim is that the population problem is not truly a ââ¬Å"globalâ⬠problem; instead it is a widespread problem that is mistaken for something global. Instead of uniting to solve the problem, each individual government should work separately to find the best solution for themselves, taking into account their own customs and ideals. To illustrate this point Hardin makes an example of China, stating that their production groups are a good example of a government tailoring a population reduction program to their own culture. ââ¬Å"Chinese traditions and cultural ideals make it easier to put the good of the group ahead of individual desires. â⬠(Hardin 1989 Pg. 48) The government, realizing that this cultural fact could be used to ââ¬Å"shameâ⬠families into aborting children when it was not their turn to bear them, capitalized on this and successfully found their own solution to population growth. Hardin commends this action, and suggests that the United States do something similar, focusing on monetary rewards for avoiding pregnancy, because this is the solution that would work in our culture. By implementing this method of ââ¬Å"mutual coercionâ⬠he feels that birthrates could be brought down to a manageable level. Beyond mutual coercion and deglobalizing the population issue, Hardin asserts we must eliminate immigration. Immigration has increased exponentially from the birth of our country, with legal immigration into the US tripling from 1970 to 1990 (Lawson 2006). With millions of new bodies flowing into the country each year, both legally and illegally, the population has almost no chance of reaching zero growth within our lifetimes. Hardin believes this immigration needs to stop, as we are an advanced nation and ââ¬Å"unrestricted immigration characterizes a new nation; restrictions are the mark of a mature nation. â⬠(Hardin 1989 Pg. 49) The flow of ideas may continue, but with each idea it is not necessary to include a person. Although his three-step plan seems to provide an interesting solution, Hardinââ¬â¢s solution has many flaws. His idea of mutual coercion assumes that every culture is homogenous, and that every person will fit the mold and adapt to the pressures of society. He makes huge cultural generalizations by saying, ââ¬Å"Chinese women are controllable by coercionâ⬠(Hardin 1989 Pg. 48), and that Americans would only be coerced by monetary rewards. Because these assumptions lack physical data, they detract from the credibility of his argument. His idea to deglobalize the problem, although practical in the way it divides based on cultural truths, neglects several important issues. Firstly, he fails to compensate for the fact that some world governments will not have the means to fulfill a solution without help from the global community. For example, several African nations, although growing at the fastest rate in the world, will not have government resources to dedicate large sums of money to family planning and birth reduction. Only with monetary and physical help from other members of the global community will it be feasible for these nations to implement a program and help eradicate the population problem. The biggest failure of Hardinââ¬â¢s argument of deglobalization is that he overlooks the real problem behind overpopulation in many of these countries, which is the consumption of resources by the Western world. ââ¬Å"A population that is under 5% of the worldââ¬â¢s population generates and consumes 25% of the global GNPâ⬠(Porter and Sheppard, 1998 Pg. 136) This rabid consumption by the most well off countries pushes the global south deeper into poverty, which is a root cause of population growth. Although Hardin admits ââ¬Å"Americans are too comfortable to try hard to find an answer. â⬠(Hardin 1989 Pg. 9) he neglects to mention that a good deal of the population problem is caused by the unceasing consumption by our country. If the problem is deglobalized, as Hardin suggests, the Western world will essentially be turning its back on the problem it created. The demographic transition theory, which Gerard Piel supports in his article, offers up a more educated solu tion to the population problem. The theory claims population growth is related to economic achievements; the more advanced countries increase their life spans, enabling more people to mature to the reproductive years, which in turn leads to an increase in population growth. The growth is then kept in check by technological advances, namely birth control, but also by the fact that a smaller family is ideal since agriculture is not the main source of income and more people is no longer more help, just more mouths to feed. Piel describes this viewpoint as ââ¬Å"the fewer, the moreââ¬âfor eachâ⬠(Piel 1995 Pg. 46) He goes on to suggest that by putting each country through the ââ¬Å"demographic transitionâ⬠, which is namely achieved by increasing economic development, it is possible to halt the increase in population. He explains, ââ¬Å"we can reach zero-growth population, if we expand the world economy fourfold and share the proceeds equitably. This would bring the poorest 20 percent out of poverty. â⬠(Piel 1995 Pg. 45) In order to defeat poverty, which is both the cause and effect of overpopulation, it is necessary for the industrialized nations bind together to assist the unindustrialized nations in achieving economic prosperity. As an example of the process of demographic transition, Piel, like Hardin, turns to China. However, he accredits the decline in population growth to the revolution that turned China from a politically isolated country into the ninth largest economy in the world. With the doubling of the GDP China saw its literacy rate skyrocket, the life expectancy extend, infant mortality drop drastically and, in 1992, the fertility rate approach the zero-growth rate. (Piel 1995 Pg. 50) This proves that by simply moving into the second stage of the demographic transition, China was able to finally control its population of 1. 2 billion people. Pielââ¬â¢s solution, although far from perfect, does a better job at realizing that this problem truly is global, and that the only way in which a resolution will be found is if the entire world works together. Although he does not blatantly support the ideas of the consumptionist theory, which believes that the consumption distribution supports inequality, which then causes overpopulation, his argument includes lots of support for the idea. Some of his most blatant support is when he discusses the discrepancies of wealth between transnational corporations and the countries that they exploit. He explains, ââ¬Å"The 350 largest nonfinancial transnational corporations [which] account for 30 percent of the output of the world economyâ⬠¦ in no small measure, owe their enormous expansion in the past three decades to their advantage in negotiation of the terms under which the developing countries have supplied every commodityââ¬âfrom petroleum to labor. â⬠(Piel 1995 49) He is arguing that the most well off countries continue to prosper at the expense of the resources and work force of some of the worldââ¬â¢s poorest countries, furthering poverty, which goes on to affect population and population control. If the world binds together, pools their wealth and propels underprivileged countries through the demographic transition, as Piel suggests, it is possible to begin to slow population growth. But this advancement will be negated if the world does not acknowledge that the consumerist appetite of select countries is a major reason behind the population problem. Western countries believe they can continue to shift the blame from themselves to poor women in poor countries, essentially scapegoating the vulnerable. Eventually, though, it will be realized that this problem can be ignored and hidden, but it will not dissipate until someone faces it. The longer it goes unaddressed, unmentioned by those too embarrassed by their own actions or those whose voices are powerless to make an impact, the worse the global population problem will become. As our population continues to double, triple, quadruple, with no signs of slowing, we need to bind together, implement strategies for population reduction, and face the real issues, no matter how scary, because if not, our worst prognostics will become reality.
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